The Pinoy nosebleeder’s rendition or translation into English of certain Filipino specimens done by him in his alternative format and with no other choice, owing to the fact that he finds it hard to translate. Yet these renditions are not the standard and exact ones, rather, made only because of his naive tendency. These renditions may sometimes be acceptable because they look grammatically correct and sound sensible, though not the typical or regular form when the native English speakers should speak in English the counterpart for the Filipino specimens in question.

He/she may be grammar and vocabulary proficient but still finds it hard to speak in straight English. In any sense, he/she is the one called nosebleeder.

Disgusting or distasteful by reason of excess (nakakaumay) (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

To arrange together so as to form words into a phrase, shapes into a pattern, etc. (collocation—the noun form)

The conditions or circumstances which affect something.

A translation that is good enough but not the best form. This comes usually when the nearest or even nearer translation is not possible because the collocation of the specimen being translated is quite peculiar to the native speakers of such language and thus quite a struggle for conversion into another language.

To say or think that (two things) are the same (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). In this book, to identify that one language specimen is the actual meaning of the other language specimen alongside.

(Borrowing the term “Filipinism” from an archaic author Felicitas Tensuan-Leogardo.) For purposes of this book’s paradigm, let us define Filipinism as the mistaken method of English translation by the tendency to obey the morpheme, collocation, and syntax of the Filipino specimen being translated.

The official language of the Philippines (not the Tagalog which is only a dialect).

As applied in this book, they do not exactly mean giving all the samples/examples derivable from dictionaries and grammar materials, as well as discussing all topics so derived from all sources; but giving and discussing only all the relevant ones that, from the judgment of this author based on common observation, are unknown to or ignored, overlooked, and discounted by the novice Pinoys (only) in relation to their translating struggles. *

Shallow and facile/Having a ready flow of words but lacking thought or understanding (Wiktionary)/Said or done too easily or carelessly; lacking depth and substance; showing little forethought or preparation; marked by ease and informality (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)/Simplistic (Microsoft Office.com)

A theoretical process utilized by this author, taking into consideration logic and context, of carefully researching for and ultimately coming up with the exact, customary, or standard English equivalents, renditions, or translations by the native speakers of English in relation to counterpart Filipino specimens by means of logical and contextual compare-and-contrast-method.

The nationals of the United State of America and of the United Kingdom.

Colloquial term for anybody having difficulty speaking the English language.

The presentation and formats determined and submitted to the readers by this author in which hard to translate Filipino specimens are definitively equated with the exact or regular translations in English just the way native speakers of English would convey in their native tongue the parallel context of the Filipino specimens in question. These paradigm formats have been formulated after the process of logical juxtaposition.

The study of the meanings of words and phrases in language; the meaning of words and phrases in a particular context. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

Too simple; not complete or thorough enough; not treating or considering all possibilities or parts (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)/In a manner that simplifies a concept or issue so that its nuance and complexity are lost or important details are overlooked (Wiktionary)

A sample phrase/sentence in Filipino that is subject to translation to English in this book and, in some cases, whose translation is treated with analysis and whose context is explored in relation to its equivalent or counterpart in English.

The precise English rendering by the native English speakers in their native English tongue of the counterpart Filipino specimens in question. This rendering is discovered and achieved by this book through the process of logical and contextual juxtaposition.

A VERY IMPORTANT DEFINITION: As used in this wordbook, template refers to the completed sample of juxtaposed Filipino specimen and its English equivalent posed or presented in this book as a set and thus a model translation. For example: Ang laptop ay ninakaw ng kung sinong magnanakaw na maaaring galing sa grupong ito. — The laptop was stolen by some theft who could be one coming from this group. This set of the Filipino specimen and the English equivalent is a full or complete juxtaposed model of translation, thus, it is called template in this book.

Discuss, consider, deal with, touch on, take up (treatment—the noun form)

A systematic exposition or argument in writing including a methodical discussion of the facts and principles involved and conclusions reached. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

A situation that this book would like to create placing the translation learners as if they are in the neighborhood where native speakers of English stay and constantly interact with one another with English as the medium of communication. The situation is obtainable by the learners if they constantly read the series of this book that are in turn constantly providing and enriching them with ready references of the typical English renderings of the native English speakers, such that there is no need for the learners to actually reside in the natives’ environment. This is to conform to the author’s faith that learning a language is best if one is in the environment of the native speakers of that certain language.